Dictionary Definition

disjunction

Noun

1 state of being disconnected [syn: disjuncture, disconnection, disconnectedness] [ant: connection]
2 the act of breaking a connection [syn: disconnection]

User Contributed Dictionary

English

Noun

disjunction (plural disjunctions)
1. The proposition resulting from the combination of two or more propositions using the or operator.
2. a logical operator that results in true when some of its operands are true.
3. During meiosis, the seperation of chromosomes (homologous in meiosis I, and sister chromotids in meiosis II).

logic

Extensive Definition

In logic and mathematics, or, also known as logical disjunction or inclusive disjunction is a logical operator that results in true whenever one or more of its operands are true. In grammar, or is a coordinating conjunction.

Definition

Logical disjunction is an operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of false if and only if both of its operands are false. More generally a disjunction is a logical formula that can have one or more literals separated only by ORs. A single literal is often considered to be a degenerate disjunction.

Truth table

The truth table of p OR q (also written as p\orq (logic), p || q (in C-family languages in computer programming), or p + q (electronics)) is as follows:

Venn diagram

The Venn diagram of "p or q" (red is true)

Properties

The following properties apply to disjunction:
• distributivity: (a \lor (b \land c)) \equiv ((a \lor b) \land (a \lor c))
(a \land (b \lor c)) \equiv ((a \land b) \lor (a \land c))
(a \lor (b \equiv c)) \equiv ((a \lor b) \equiv (a \lor c))
• monotonicity: (a \rightarrow b) \rightarrow ((c \lor a) \rightarrow (c \lor b))
(a \rightarrow b) \rightarrow ((a \lor c) \rightarrow (b \lor c))
• truth-preserving: The interpretation under which all variables are assigned a truth value of 'true' produces a truth value of 'true' as a result of disjunction.
• falsehood-preserving: The interpretation under which all variables are assigned a truth value of 'false' produces a truth value of 'false' as a result of disjunction.

Symbol

The mathematical symbol for logical disjunction varies in the literature. In addition to the word "or", the symbol "\or", deriving from the Latin word vel for "or", is commonly used for disjunction. For example: "A \or B " is read as "A or B ". Such a disjunction is false if both A and B are false. In all other cases it is true.
All of the following are disjunctions:
A \or B
\neg A \or B
A \or \neg B \or \neg C \or D \or \neg E
The corresponding operation in set theory is the set-theoretic union.

Applications in computer science

Operators corresponding to logical disjunction exist in most programming languages.

Bitwise operation

Disjunction is often used for bitwise operations. Examples:
• 0 or 0 = 0
• 0 or 1 = 1
• 1 or 0 = 1
• 1 or 1 = 1
• 1010 or 1100 = 1110
The or operator can be used to set bits in a bitfield to 1, by or-ing the field with a constant field with the relevant bits set to 1.

Logical operation

Many languages distinguish between bitwise and logical disjunction by providing two distinct operators; in languages following C, bitwise disjunction is performed with the single pipe (|) and logical disjunction with the double pipe (||) operators.
Logical disjunction is usually short-circuited; that is, if the first (left) operand evaluates to true then the second (right) operand is not evaluated. The logical disjunction operator thus usually constitutes a sequence point.
Although in most languages the type of a logical disjunction expression is boolean and thus can only have the value true or false, in some (such as Python and JavaScript) the logical disjunction operator returns one of its operands; the first operand if it evaluates to a true value, and the second operand otherwise.

Union

The union used in set theory is defined in terms of a logical disjunction: x ∈ A ∪ B if and only if (x ∈ A) ∨ (x ∈ B). Because of this, logical disjunction satisfies many of the same identities as set-theoretic union, such as associativity, commutativity, distributivity, and de Morgan's laws.

Notes

• Boole, closely following analogy with ordinary mathematics, premised, as a necessary condition to the definition of "x + y", that x and y were mutually exclusive. Jevons, and practically all mathematical logicians after him, advocated, on various grounds, the definition of "logical addition" in a form which does not necessitate mutual exclusiveness.
disjunction in Bulgarian: Логическа дизюнкция
disjunction in Czech: Disjunkce
disjunction in German: Disjunktion
disjunction in Estonian: Disjunktsioon
disjunction in Spanish: Disyunción lógica
disjunction in Esperanto: Logika aŭo
disjunction in French: Disjonction logique
disjunction in Korean: 논리합
disjunction in Indonesian: Logika disjungsi
disjunction in Italian: Disgiunzione inclusiva
disjunction in Hebrew: או (לוגיקה)
disjunction in Lithuanian: Disjunkcija
disjunction in Macedonian: Логичка дисјункција
disjunction in Dutch: Logische disjunctie
disjunction in Japanese: 論理和
disjunction in Norwegian: Inklusiv disjunksjon
disjunction in Polish: Alternatywa
disjunction in Portuguese: Disjunção lógica
disjunction in Simple English: Inclusive disjunction
disjunction in Slovak: Disjunkcia (logika)
disjunction in Serbian: Дисјункција
disjunction in Swedish: Disjunktion (logik)
disjunction in Thai: การเลือกเชิงตรรกศาสตร์
disjunction in Ukrainian: Диз'юнкція (логічна)